I don't think the device would have enough power to do this internally, but I think you might be able to use the audiocapture API to capture the audio, send it to a server to process, and get some result back.
Rhomobile | AudioCapture Module

I used the below code to test this and it worked using FTP. I was not able to get the code as shown on the docs to work.  It seems like there may be a parsing issue with colons.
function getaudio(){
  audioCapture.duration = '10000';
  audioCapture.audioSaveEvent = 'showresult(%json)';
  audioCapture.username = 'dan';
  audioCapture.password = 'test';
  audioCapture.source = "\\RE_AudioCapture.wav";
  audioCapture.destination = "url('ftp://192.168.128.103/cap.wav')"
  audioCapture.start();
}
function showresult(jsonObject){
  alert(jsonObject.transferResult);
}